Comparative Studies of Quran

Comparative Studies of Quran

A Comparative Study of Adam's Infallibility from the Perspectives of Ayatollah Jawādī Āmulī and Fakhr Rāzī

Document Type : review paper

Authors
mojtaba noruzi 1
Mohammad Ali Keihani 2
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Qur’an and Hadith Sciences, University of Sciences and Qur’anic Education, Mashhad, Iran
2 Master student of Qur’anic Sciences, University of Sciences and Qur’anic Education, Mashhad, Iran.
10.22034/csq.2023.190665
Abstract
The infallibility of the Prophets is one of the common beliefs among Muslims; but the scholars of different theological schools of thought do not have the same viewpoint regarding its time, scope and meaning. Many verses in the Holy Qur'an deal with the issue of the infallibility of the Prophets while some verses also apparently imply the fallibility of the Prophets. For instance, the issues of "descending from Heaven”and the "infallibility”of Hazrat Adam have always been points of dispute among Muslim Qur'anic exegetes and theologians.
This research, using a descriptive-analytical method, aims to answer the question, 'What is the perspective of Ayatollah Jawādī Āmulī and Fakhr Rāzī (representing two different theological schools, Shia and Ash'ari) regarding the verses related to the infallibility of Prophet Adam (PBUH)?' What are the similarities and differences between the two viewpoints?  
The findings of this research show a similarity of opinion between the two Qur'anic exegetes despite the difference in their theological affiliations, and the points of difference between the two viewpoints are very limited in this matter. Ayatollah Jawādī Āmulī is of the opinion that this incident happened at a time when there was no legislative prophecy and the prohibition in the verse was also instructive, while the Prophet Adam abandoned the better, which does not harm his infallibility. On the contrary, Fakhr Rāzī believes that Adam (PBUH) committed a sin, but of course, this happened before his appointment and attainment of the position of prophethood, and there is no problem with it. This research has investigated and analyzed the proofs of the two Qur'anic exegetes and presented the most preferred viewpoint.
Keywords
Infallibility
Prophet Adam
Paradise
Satan
Forbidden tree
Jawādī Āmulī
Fakhr Rāzī

Subjects

The Holy Qur’ān (A translation of Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir)
1. ‘Allāmah Ḥillī, Ḥasan ibn Yūsuf (1363 SH): "Anwār al-Malakūt fi Sharḥi al-Yaqūt, Annotator: Najmī Zanjānī, Muḥammad", Qom: Al-Sharīf Al-Raḍī.
2. Aḥmadī, Sayyid Jawād & ‘Alī Naṣīrī (1391 SH): "Barresī wa Taḥlīl intiqādī dīdqā-ha-e- Muhimm Mufassirān Fariqayn dar Tabyīn ‘iṣmat Haḍrat Adam [A Critical Review and analysis of the important viewpoints of Qur’anic exegetes of the two schools of thought in explaining the infallibility of Prophet Adam (PBUH)] ", Qabasāt Journal, Volume 17, Issue No, 64, pp, 45 – 68.
3. Ashraf, Shida, Alaei Rahmani, Fatemeh (1400): "Moṭālihāt intiqādī madkhal “Adam" dar Dāirat al-Ma‘ārif Islam" [A critical study of the entry of Adam (PBUH) in the Encyclopedia of Islam]. Journal of Qur’anic Studies of Orientalists, 16 (30), 269-294. doi: 10.22034/qkh.2021.5956.
4. Ālūsī, Maḥmūd ibn ‘Abd Allāh (1416 AH): "Rūḥ al-Ma‘ānī fī Tafsīr al-Qur’ān al-‘Azīm wa al-Sab’ al-Mathānī", Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmīyyah.
5. Ardabīlī, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad (1403 AH): “Majma’ al-Fā’ida wa al-Burhān fī Sharḥ Irshād Al-adh-hān”,Qom: Jāmi’ah Mudarrisīn.
6. Balāghī, Muḥammad Jawād (n.d): “Ālā’ Al-Raḥmān fī Tafsīr al-Qur’ān”,Qom: Wujdān Publication.
7. Dughīm, Samīḥ (1998): “Mawsu‘at Muṣṭalaḥāt ‘Ilm al-Kalām al-Islāmī”,Beirut: Maktabah Lebanon Nāshirūn Publication.
8. Fakhr Rāzī, Muḥammad ibn ‘Umar (1379 SH): “Tarjumeh Tafsīr Kabīr”,Translator: Ḥalabī, ‘Alī Aṣghar, Tehran: Asāṭīr Publication.
9. Fakhr Rāzī, Muḥammad ibn ‘Umar (1409 AH): “Iṣmat al-Anbiyā’”,Beirut: Dār Al-Kutub Al-‘Ilmīyyah.
10. Fakhr Rāzī, Muḥammad ibn ‘Umar (1411 AH): “Al-Muḥaṣil”, Oman: Dār Al-Rāzī.
11. Fakhr Rāzī, Muḥammad ibn ‘Umar (1411 AH): “Al-Tafsīr Al-Kabīr (Mafātīḥ al-Ghayb)”,Beirut: Dār Al-Kutub Al-‘Ilmīyyah. 
12. Ibn ‘Arabī, Muḥammad ibn ‘Alī (1410 AH): “Raḥmat min al-Raḥmān fī Tafsīr wa Ishārāt Al-Qur’ān, N.P.
13. Ibn Fāris, Aḥmad (1404 AH): “Mu‘jam Maqāyīs al-Luqqah”,Annotator: Hārūn, ‘Abd al-Salām Muḥammad. Qom: Maktab al-I‘lām al-Islāmī. 
14. Ibn Khumayr, ‘Alī ibn Aḥmad (1420 AH): “Tanzīh al-anbīyā ‘ammā Nasaba ilayhi”,Syria: Dār al-Fikr.
15. Ibn Manẓūr, Muḥammad ibn Mukarram (1414 AH): “Līsān al- ‘Arab”,Beirut: Dār Ṣādir.
16. Ibn Maytham, Maytham ibn ‘Alī (1406 AH): “Qawā’id Al-Marām fī ‘Ilm al-Kalām”,Annotator: Ḥusaynī Ashkiwarī, Aḥmad, Qom: Office of Āyatullāh Al-˓Uzmā Al-Mar‘ashī al-Najafī.
17. Ibn Qutayba, ‘Abdullah ibn Muslim (1411 AH): “Tafsīr Gharīb Al-Qur’ān”,Beirut: Dār wa Maktabat Al-Hilāl.
18. Ibn Seyyide, ‘Alī ibn Ismā’īl (1421 AH): “Al-Muḥkam wa al-Muḥīṭ Al-A‘ẓam”,Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah.
19. Jawādī Āmulī, ‘Abd Allāh (1385 SH): “Payāmbar Raḥmat [The Prophet of Mercy]”, Qom: Isrā Publication.
20. Jawādī Āmulī, ‘Abd Allāh (1388 SH): “Adab Fanāyi Muqarrabān [Ettiquette of Annihilation of the intimate servants]”, Qom: Isrā Publication.
21. Jawādī Āmulī, ‘Abd Allāh (1399 SH): “Tafsīr Tasnīm”, Qom: Isrā Publication.
22. Jawhari, Ismā'īl ibn Ḥammād (1376 SH): “Al-Ṣiḥāḥ”, Beirut: Dār al- ‘Ilm lil Malāyīn.
23 Kurd, Ṣafiyyullah et al (1396 SH): “Niqāi nū bi Iṣmat Ḥaḍrat Adam az Manẓari Farīqayn bā Ruwikardi bi Ayah 121 Sūra Ṭahā [A New Look on the Infallibility of Hazrat Adam's from the Perspective of the Two Schools of thought based on verse 121 of Sura Ṭahā]”, Qur’anic Studies Journal, Volume 8, Issue No, 31, pp,139-165.
24 Majlisī, Muḥammad Taqī ibn Maqsūd ‘Alī (1374 SH): “Lawāmi‘Ṣāḥibqarānī al-mushtahar bi-sharḥ Al-Faqīh”,Qom: Ismā‘īlīyān Publication.
25. Meybudī, Muḥammad Fākir & Farzāni Akhlāqī (1398 SH): “Barresī Taṭbīqī dīdqā Ayatullah Ma‘rifat wa Rashīd Riḍa Pirāmūni Āyāt Marbūṭ bi Khaṭī’e Adam [A comparative study of Ayatollah Ma’rifat and Rashīd Riḍa 's views on the verses related to the sin of Adam (PBUH)]”, Journal of  Comparative studies of Qur’an and Hadith, Volume7, Issue No, 12, pp, 1-24.
26. Miṭrazī, Nāṣir ibn ‘Abd al-Sayyid (1979): “Al-Maghrib fī Tartīb al-Mu‘arrab”,Aleppo: Maktaba Usāma ibn Zayd.
27. Mufīd, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad (1413 AH): “Taṣḥīḥ I‘tiqādāt al-Imāmīyah”,Qom: Al- Sheikh Al-Mufīd Millenium Global Conference.
28. Narāqī, Mahdī ibn Abī Dhar (1369 SH): “Anīs al-Muwwaḥidīn”,Annotator: Qāḍī Ṭabāṭabāī, Muḥammad ‘Alī, Tehran: Al-Zahrā Publication.
29. Qāḍī, ‘Abdul Jabbār ibn Aḥmad (1422AH): “Sharḥ Al-Uṣūl Al-Khamsah”,Beirut: Dār Iḥyā Al-Turāth Al-‘Arabī.
30. Rāghib Iṣfaḥānī, Ḥusayn ibn Muḥammad (1374 SH): “Tarjumeh wa Taḥqīq Mufradat Alfāẓ Qur’ān”,Translator: Khusrawī Ḥusaynī, Ghulāmriḍā, Tehran: Murtaḍawī Publication.
31. Shāfi‘ī, Kamāl al-Dīn Muḥammad (1425 AH): “Al-Musāmirah Sharḥ Al-Musāyirah”,Beirut: Al-Maktabat Al-‘Aṣrīya.
32. Subhānī Tabrīzī, Ja‘far (1423 AH): “Al-Inṣāf fī Masā’il dāma fīhā Al-Khilāf [Fairness in disputed Issues]”,Qom: Imam Ṣādiq Foundation.
33. Subhānī Tabrīzī, Ja‘far (1425 AH): “Iṣmat al-Anbiyā’ fī al-Qur’an al-Karīm [Infallibility of Prophets in Holy Quran]”,Qom: Imam Sādiq Foundation.
34. Ṭabarsī, Faḍl ibn Ḥasan (1412 AH): “Jawāmi’ al-Jāmi’”, Qom: Administrative Center of Qom Seminary.
35 Ṭabāṭabāī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn (1378 SH): “Tarjume Tafsīr al-Mīzān”, Translator: Musavī Muḥammad Bāqir, Qom: Jāmiah Mudarrisīn.
36. Taftāzānī, Mas‘ūd ibn ‘Umar (1407 AH): “Sharḥ Al-‘Aqā’id Al-Nasafīyya (Taftāzānī)”,Annotator: Saqā, Aḥmad Ḥijāzī. Cairo: Al-Azhari Colleges Library.
37. Zamānī, Muḥammad Hāshim (1378 SH): “Tekniqārī-ha-e- Qur’an: ‘Iṣmat Adam dar Tarāzū-e Naqd [Monographs of the Qur’an: Adam's Infallibility in the Scale of Criticism]”, Qur’anic Researches Journal, Volume 14, Issue No, 56, pp, 127-155.
38. Qanei, Ali, Ibrahimi, Leyla, Dorosti, Mahdi (1401 SH): "Naqd wa barresī madkhal “Hamsarān Payāmbar” az Dāirat al-Ma‘ārif Qur’an Leiden" [Criticism and analysis of the entry “the wives of the Prophet” from the Leiden Encyclopedia of the Qur'an], Journal of Qur’anic Studies of Orientalists, 17 (33), 39-60. doi: 10.22034/jkopv.2023.7601.
Comparative Studies of Quran
Volume 8, Issue 2 - Serial Number 16
January 2024
Pages 260-285

  • Receive Date 24 April 2023
  • Revise Date 20 February 2024
  • Accept Date 09 January 2024
  • Publish Date 22 December 2023